Absence of routine medical consultation among hypertensive and/or diabetic elders: an epidemiological study based on the Brazilian National Household Survey 2008 / Ausência de consulta médica de rotina entre idosos hipertensos e/ou diabéticos: um estudo epidemiológico baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2008

This exploratory study aimed to investigate the predisposing, enabling and health need characteristics associated with lack of medical visits in the last 12 months, among 23,620 elderly hypertensive and/or diabetic individuals.

O presente estudo, de caráter exploratório, teve como objetivo investigar as características predisponentes, facilitadoras e de necessidades de saúde associadas à não realização de consulta médica nos últimos 12 meses, junto a 23.620 idosos hipertensos e/ou diabéticos.

Absence of routine medical consultation among hypertensive and/or diabetic elders: an epidemiological study based on the Brazilian National Household Survey 2008.

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study aimed to investigate the predisposing, enabling and health need characteristics associated with lack of medical visits in the last 12 months, among 23,620 elderly hypertensive and/or diabetic individuals. METHODS: In this research, we used the theoretical behavioral model of Andersen and Newman for use of health services. The data analyzed were produced by the health supplement of the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) 2008, nationwide. To identify the associations, we used the Poisson regression model, which estimates the prevalence ratios and confidence intervals of 95%, considering the significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The results showed that 10.6% of the study population did not consult the doctor in the period considered, and the prevalence was higher among hypertensive subjects (10.5%) than among diabetic ones (7.1%). The lack of medical consultation was negatively associated with female sex and increasing age (predisposing characteristics), with health insurance coverage (enabling characteristic), worse self-rated health, chronic health conditions selected and the presence of hypertension associated with diabetes (health needs), while the fact of living in the Northeast, North and Midwest appeared positively associated with the event under investigation. CONCLUSION: These results corroborate those observed in national and international studies and show evidence of inequality and inequity in the use of medical consultation for this population, based on the findings related to health plan coverage and geographic region.

[Screening for dependence in activities of daily living in the elderly: minimum set of questions]. / Perguntas minimas para rastrear dependencia em atividades da vida diaria em idosos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze non-redundant questions on independence in activities of daily living in the elderly, representing the spectrum of dependency. METHODS: Multicenter project with a probabilistic population sample of 5,371 elderly residents in Sao Paulo, SP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Fortaleza, CE and Bambui, MG in 2008. A household survey was carried out and a questionnaire with 20 activities of daily living applied for the elderly to self-assess the difficulty/need for help in performing them. The responses were analyzed according to: the prevalence of some kind of difficulty/need for help for each activities of daily living, the frequency of non-response, and the grouping of activities in factor analysis. RESULTS: The personal activities (e.g., dressing) have, on average, a low prevalence of difficulty or need for help, compared to instrumental activities (e.g., shopping), and have lower rates of non- response. In factor analysis it was possible to identify three factors grouping the activities of daily living: one relative to mobility (e.g., walking 100 m), another for personal needs (e.g., bathing) and one relative to what someone else can do for the elderly (e.g., washing clothes). The activities of daily living with the highest eigenvalues in each group were also analyzed in the light of the prevalence of reported need for help and the proportion of non response. Three activities of daily living were selected as representing the spectrum of dependency and being well understood by the elderly - getting out of bed, bathing and walking 100 m. CONCLUSIONS: With only three activities of daily living we can have a simple and reliable screening instrument capable of identifying elderly in need of help in daily life. Estimating demand for care on a daily basis is an important indicator for planning and administration of health services within the paradigm of chronic diseases and population aging.

Perguntas minimas para rastrear dependencia em atividades da vida diaria em idosos / Preguntas necesarias para rastrear dependencia en actividades de la vida diaria en ancianos / Screening for dependence in activities of daily living in the elderly: minimum set of questions

OBJETIVO: Analisar questões não redundantes sobre independência nas atividades da vida diária de idosos que representem o espectro de dependência em idosos. MÉTODOS: Projeto multicêntrico com amostra populacional probabilística de 5.371 idosos residentes em São Paulo, SP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Bambuí, MG, e Fortaleza, CE, em 2008. Foi realizado inquérito domiciliar e aplicado questionário com 20 atividades da vida diária dos idosos para autoavaliação da dificuldade/necessidade de ajuda para realizá-las. As respostas foram analisadas segundo: a prevalência de alguma dificuldade ou necessidade de ajuda para cada atividade da vida diária; a frequência de não resposta; e o agrupamento das atividades numa análise fatorial. RESULTADOS: As atividades pessoais (e.g., vestir-se) tiveram prevalência de dificuldade ou necessidade de ajuda referida baixa quando comparadas às atividades instrumentais (e.g., fazer compras), além de terem taxas de respostas inválidas mais baixas. Foram identificados três fatores de agrupamento das atividades da vida diária: mobilidade (andar 100 m); necessidades pessoais (tomar banho); e o que outra pessoa pode fazer pelo idoso (lavar roupa). As atividades da vida diária com maiores autovalores em cada grupo foram analisadas à luz da prevalência de necessidade de ajuda referida e da proporção de respostas válidas. Três atividades foram selecionadas como representativas do espectro de dependência e bem compreendidas pelos idosos: levantar da cama, banhar-se e andar 100 m. CONCLUSÕES: Com três atividades da vida diária podemos ter um instrumento de rastreio simples e confiável capaz de identificar idosos com necessidade de ajuda no dia a dia. A estimativa de demanda por cuidados na vida diária é um indicador ...

OBJETIVO: Analizar aspectos no redundantes sobre independencia en las actividades de la vida diaria de ancianos que representen el espectro de dependencia en ancianos. MÉTODOS: Proyecto multicéntrico con muestra poblacional probabilística de 5.371 ancianos residentes en Sao Paulo, SP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Bambuí, MG y Fortaleza, CE, (Brasil), en 2008. Se realizó pesquisa domiciliar y se aplicó cuestionario con 20 actividades de la vida diaria de los ancianos para auto-evaluación de la dificultad/necesidad de ayuda para realizarlas. Las respuestas fueron analizadas de acuerdo a: la prevalencia de alguna dificultad o necesidad de ayuda en cada actividad de la vida diaria; la frecuencia de respuesta no válidas; y el agrupamiento de las actividades en un análisis factorial. RESULTADOS: Las actividades personales (ej: vestirse) tuvieron prevalencia de dificultad o necesidad de ayuda referida baja al compararse con las actividades instrumentales (ej: hacer compras), además de tener tasas de respuestas: inválidas más bajas. Se identificaron tres factores de agrupamiento de las actividades de la vida diaria: movilidad (andar 100m); necesidades personales (bañarse) y lo que otra persona puede hacer por el anciano (lavar ropa). Las actividades de la vida diaria con mayores auto-valores en cada grupo fueron analizadas a la luz de la prevalencia de necesidad de ayuda referida y de la proporción de respuestas válidas. Tres actividades fueron seleccionadas como representativas del espectro de dependencia y bien comprendidas por los ancianos: levantar de la cama, bañarse y andar 100 m. CONCLUSIONES: Con tres actividades de la vida diaria podemos tener un instrumento de rastreo simple y confiable capaz de identificar ancianos con necesidad de ayuda en el día a día. La estimativa de demanda por cuidados en la vida diaria es un indicador importante para ...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze non-redundant questions on independence in activities of daily living in the elderly, representing the spectrum of dependency. METHODS: Multicenter project with a probabilistic population sample of 5,371 elderly residents in Sao Paulo, SP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Fortaleza, CE and Bambui, MG in 2008. A household survey was carried out and a questionnaire with 20 activities of daily living applied for the elderly to self-assess the difficulty/need for help in performing them. The responses were analyzed according to: the prevalence of some kind of difficulty/need for help for each activities of daily living, the frequency of non-response, and the grouping of activities in factor analysis. RESULTS: The personal activities (e.g., dressing) have, on average, a low prevalence of difficulty or need for help, compared to instrumental activities (e.g., shopping), and have lower rates of non- response. In factor analysis it was possible to identify three factors grouping the activities of daily living: one relative to mobility (e.g., walking 100 m), another for personal needs (e.g., bathing) and one relative to what someone else can do for the elderly (e.g., washing clothes). The activities of daily living with the highest eigenvalues in each group were also analyzed in the light of the prevalence of reported need for help and the proportion of non response. Three activities of daily living were selected as representing the spectrum of dependency and being well understood by the elderly - getting out of bed, bathing and walking 100 m. CONCLUSIONS: With only three activities of daily living we can have a simple and reliable screening instrument capable of identifying elderly in need of help in daily life. Estimating demand for care on a daily basis is an important indicator for planning and administration of health services within the paradigm of chronic diseases and population aging. .

[Changes in ten years of social inequalities in health among elderly Brazilians (1998-2008)]. / Mudanças em dez anos das desigualdades sociais em saúde dos idosos brasileiros (1998-2008).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the changes in income-related inequalities in health conditions and in the use of health services among elderly Brazilians. METHODS: Representative samples of the Brazilian population aged 60 years and more were analyzed between 1998 and 2008 (n = 27,872 and 41,198, respectively), derived from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (National Household Sample Survey). The following variables were considered in this study: per capita monthly household income, self-rated health, physical functioning, medical consultations and hospitalizations in the previous 12 months and exclusive use of the Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System). Data analysis was based on estimates of prevalence and prevalence ratios obtained with robust Poisson regression. RESULTS: In 1998 and 2008, the prevalence of poor self-rated health, mobility limitations and inability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), adjusted for age and sex, showed strong gradients associated with per capita household income quintiles, with the lowest values being found among those in the lowest income quintile. The prevalence ratios adjusted for age and sex between the lowest quintile (poorest individuals) and highest quintile (richest individuals) of income remained stable for poor self-rated health (PR = 3.12 [95%CI 2.79;3.51] in 1998 and 2.98 [95%CI 2.69;3.29] in 2008), mobility limitations (PR = 1.54 [95%CI 1.44;1.65 and 1.69 [95%CI 1.60;1.78], respectively) and inability to perform ADLs (PR = 1.79 [95%CI 1.52;2.11] and 2.02 [95%CI 1.78;2.29], respectively). There was a reduction in income-related disparities when three or more medical consultations had been made and with the exclusive use of the Unified Health System. Inequalities were not observed for hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: Despite reductions in income-related inequalities among indicators of use of health services, the magnitude of disparities in health conditions has not decreased. Longitudinal studies are necessary to better understand the persistence of such inequalities among elderly Brazilians.

Mudanças em dez anos das desigualdades sociais em saúde dos idosos brasileiros (1998-2008) / Changes in ten years of social inequalities in health among elderly Brazilians (1998-2008)

Analisar mudanças nos diferenciais por renda nas condições de saúde e no uso de serviços de saúde por idosos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas amostras representativas da população brasileira com 60 anos ou mais em 1998 e 2008 (n = 27.872 e 41.198, respectivamente), oriundas da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios. As variáveis consideradas foram renda mensal domiciliar per capita, autoavaliação da saúde, capacidade funcional, consultas médicas e hospitalizações nos 12 meses precedentes e uso exclusivo do Sistema Único de Saúde. A análise dos dados foi baseada em estimativas de prevalência e em razões de prevalência obtidas por meio da regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Em 1998 e 2008, as prevalências ajustadas por idade e sexo da autoavaliação da saúde como ruim, do comprometimento da mobilidade e da incapacidade para realizar atividades da vida diária apresentaram fortes gradientes com o quintil da renda domiciliar per capita, com pior performance entre aqueles com renda mais baixa. As razões de prevalência ajustadas por idade e sexo entre o quintil inferior (mais pobres) e o superior (mais ricos) de renda permaneceram estáveis para pior autoavaliação da saúde (RP = 3,12 [IC95% 2,79;3,51] em 1998 e 2,98 [IC95% 2,69;3,29] em 2008), comprometimento da mobilidade (RP = 1,54 [IC95% 1,44;1,65 e 1,69[IC95% 1,60;1,78], respectivamente) e incapacidade para realizar atividades da vida diária (RP = 1,79 [IC95% 1,52;2,11] e 2,02 [IC95% 1,78;2,29], respectivamente). Observou-se redução das disparidades por renda na realização de três ou mais consultas médicas e no uso exclusivo do Sistema Único de Saúde. Não foram observadas desigualdades entre os extremos de renda na ocorrência de hospitalizações no mesmo período. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar da redução das desigualdades por renda de indicadores do uso de serviços de saúde, a magnitude das disparidades nas condições de saúde não diminuiu. São necessários estudos longitudinais para um melhor entendimento da persistência dessas desigualdades entre idosos brasileiros.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the changes in income-related inequalities in health conditions and in the use of health services among elderly Brazilians. METHODS: Representative samples of the Brazilian population aged 60 years and more were analyzed between 1998 and 2008 (n = 27,872 and 41,198, respectively), derived from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (National Household Sample Survey). The following variables were considered in this study: per capita monthly household income, self-rated health, physical functioning, medical consultations and hospitalizations in the previous 12 months and exclusive use of the Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System). Data analysis was based on estimates of prevalence and prevalence ratios obtained with robust Poisson regression. RESULTS: In 1998 and 2008, the prevalence of poor self-rated health, mobility limitations and inability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), adjusted for age and sex, showed strong gradients associated with per capita household income quintiles, with the lowest values being found among those in the lowest income quintile. The prevalence ratios adjusted for age and sex between the lowest quintile (poorest individuals) and highest quintile (richest individuals) of income remained stable for poor self-rated health (PR = 3.12 [95%CI 2.79;3.51] in 1998 and 2.98 [95%CI 2.69;3.29] in 2008), mobility limitations (PR = 1.54 [95%CI 1.44;1.65 and 1.69 [95%CI 1.60;1.78], respectively) and inability to perform ADLs (PR = 1.79 [95%CI 1.52;2.11] and 2.02 [95%CI 1.78;2.29], respectively). There was a reduction in income-related disparities when three or more medical consultations had been made and with the exclusive use of the Unified Health System. Inequalities were not observed for hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: Despite reductions in income-related inequalities among indicators of use of health services, the magnitude of disparities in health conditions has not decreased. Longitudinal studies are necessary to better understand the persistence of such inequalities among elderly Brazilians.

Características associadas ao uso de serviços odontológicos públicos pela população adulta brasileira / Characteristics associated with the use of dental services by the adult Brazilian population

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores associados ao uso de serviços odontológicos públicos pela população adulta brasileira. Foram utilizados dados coletados junto a 13.356 adultos (35-44 anos), em um inquérito epidemiológico de saúde bucal, de abrangência nacional (Projeto SB-Brasil 2003). A análise dos dados baseou-se na regressão de Poisson, que produziu estimativas de Razões de Prevalências como medida de associação. A análise dos dados mostrou que o uso de serviços odontológicos públicos por adultos esteve associada com: sexo feminino, baixa escolaridade e renda, residência nas regiões Nordeste e Sul e em municípios de menor porte, queixas de dor de dente ou gengival, necessidades de prótese parcial e total, maior quantidade de dentes permanentes demandando tratamento, procura por serviço motivada por algum problema bucal e avaliação do tratamento recebido como regular. Esses resultados mostraram que a população atendida pelo serviço público era menos favorecida socioeconomicamente e apresentava maiores necessidades de tratamento. A grande necessidade acumulada reflete o histórico apartamento desse segmento populacional da atenção à saúde bucal em nosso país e coloca um grande desafio ao SUS, considerando o seu papel na redução das desigualdades e de provimento de acesso universal ao cuidado integral.

The scope of this study was to investigate the factors related to the use of dental services by Brazilian adults. Data were collected from 13,356 adults (35 to 44 years of age), participating in a nationwide epidemiological survey of oral health (SB-BRASIL 2003 Project). Data analysis was based on Poisson regression, which produced estimates of Prevalence Ratios as a measure of association. Data analysis showed that the use of dental services by adults was associated with: female gender, low education and income, living in the Northeastern and Southern regions and in small cities, complaints of toothache or gum pain, need for partial/total prosthesis, a greater amount of permanent teeth requiring treatment, demand for service due to some dental problems and evaluation of dental care received on a regular basis. These results showed that the population attended by the public service was socio-economically less privileged and had greater need for treatment. This situation reflects an historical abandonment of the adult population by the dental healthcare system in Brazil and poses a major challenge to the Unified Health Service, in light of its intended role to reduce inequalities and provide universal access to comprehensive care.

[Characteristics associated with the use of dental services by the adult Brazilian population]. / Características associadas ao uso de serviços odontológicos públicos pela população adulta brasileira.

The scope of this study was to investigate the factors related to the use of dental services by Brazilian adults. Data were collected from 13,356 adults (35 to 44 years of age), participating in a nationwide epidemiological survey of oral health (SB-BRASIL 2003 Project). Data analysis was based on Poisson regression, which produced estimates of Prevalence Ratios as a measure of association. Data analysis showed that the use of dental services by adults was associated with: female gender, low education and income, living in the Northeastern and Southern regions and in small cities, complaints of toothache or gum pain, need for partial/total prosthesis, a greater amount of permanent teeth requiring treatment, demand for service due to some dental problems and evaluation of dental care received on a regular basis. These results showed that the population attended by the public service was socio-economically less privileged and had greater need for treatment. This situation reflects an historical abandonment of the adult population by the dental healthcare system in Brazil and poses a major challenge to the Unified Health Service, in light of its intended role to reduce inequalities and provide universal access to comprehensive care.

[10-year trends in the health of Brazilian elderly: evidence from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD 1998, 2003, 2008)]. / Tendências em dez anos das condições de saúde de idosos brasileiros: evidências da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (1998, 2003, 2008).

Data from a representative national household survey were used to examine 10-year trends (1998-2008) in health conditions of Brazilian elderly. A random sample of 105,254 individuals aged > 60 years participated. The mean age was 69 years and 56% were women. There was a gradual increase in the prevalence of good or excellent self-rated health (39.3%, 43.5% and 45.0%, in 1998, 2003 and 2008, respectively) and a decrease in self-reported arthritis, heart disease, and depression. The prevalence of self-reported hypertension (43.9%, 48.8%, and 53.3%, respectively) and diabetes (10.3%, 13.0% and 16.1% respectively) increased sharply. The prevalence of inability to perform activities of daily living (eating, bathing or using the toilet) remained stable (6.5%, 6.4% and 6.9%, respectively). The achievement of three or more physician visits over the previous 12 months increased by 21% from 1998 to 2008. Hospitalization decreased by 10% in the corresponding period. The above mentioned trends persisted after adjustments for age and sex. The results showed improvements in some health dimensions of the elderly, but not all. Changes in the use of health services occurred as expected with the expansion of primary healthcare activities in Brazil.

Tendências em dez anos das condições de saúde de idosos brasileiros: evidências da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (1998, 2003, 2008) / 10-year trends in the health of Brazilian elderly: evidence from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD 1998, 2003, 2008)

Foram examinadas as tendências em saúde da população idosa brasileira utilizando-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (1998-2008). O estudo incluiu uma amostra probabilística de 105.254 pessoas com > 60 anos de idade. A média da idade foi de 69 anos e 56 por cento eram mulheres. Houve um aumento gradativo da boa autoavaliação da saúde (39,3 por cento, 43,5 por cento e 45,0 por cento em 1998, 2003 e 2008, respectivamente) e uma diminuição na prevalência de artrite, doença do coração e depressão autorreferidas. A prevalência da hipertensão (43.9 por cento, 48.8 por cento e 53.3 por cento, respectivamente) e do diabetes autorreferidos (10.3 por cento, 13.0 por cento e 16.1 por cento respectivamente) aumentou acentuadamente. A prevalência da incapacidade para realizar atividades da vida diária (alimentar-se, tomar banho ou ir ao banheiro) permaneceu estável (6.5 por cento, 6.4 por cento e 6.9 por cento, respectivamente). A realização de três ou mais consultas médicas nos 12 meses precedentes aumentou 21 por cento entre 1998 e 2008. As hospitalizações diminuíram 10 por cento no mesmo período. Essas tendências foram independentes do sexo e da idade. Os resultados mostram melhora em algumas dimensões da saúde dos idosos, mas não em todas. As mudanças no uso de serviços de saúde ocorreram como esperado em decorrência da expansão das atividades de atenção primária no Brasil.

Data from a representative national household survey were used to examine 10-year trends (1998-2008) in health conditions of Brazilian elderly. A random sample of 105,254 individuals aged > 60 years participated. The mean age was 69 years and 56 percent were women. There was a gradual increase in the prevalence of good or excellent self-rated health (39.3 percent, 43.5 percent and 45.0 percent, in 1998, 2003 and 2008, respectively) and a decrease in self-reported arthritis, heart disease, and depression. The prevalence of self-reported hypertension (43.9 percent, 48.8 percent, and 53.3 percent, respectively) and diabetes (10.3 percent, 13.0 percent and 16.1 percent respectively) increased sharply. The prevalence of inability to perform activities of daily living (eating, bathing or using the toilet) remained stable (6.5 percent, 6.4 percent and 6.9 percent, respectively). The achievement of three or more physician visits over the previous 12 months increased by 21 percent from 1998 to 2008. Hospitalization decreased by 10 percent in the corresponding period. The above mentioned trends persisted after adjustments for age and sex. The results showed improvements in some health dimensions of the elderly, but not all. Changes in the use of health services occurred as expected with the expansion of primary healthcare activities in Brazil.

Time trends and predictors of mortality from ill-defined causes in old age: 9 year follow-up of the Bambuí cohort study (Brazil).

The study objective was to examine differentials in time trends and predictors of deaths assigned to symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions in comparison with other ill-defined conditions (ill-defined cardiovascular diseases, cancer and injury) in a population-based cohort study. Of 1,606 baseline participants aged 60 years and over, 524 died during 9-year follow-up and were included in this study. Deaths coded to "symptoms" declined by 77% in the period from 1997-1999 to 2003-2005. Deaths coded to other ill-defined conditions remained unchanged. The calendar period 2003-2005 (RR = 0.25; 95%CI: 0.09-0.70) and in-hospital deaths (RR = 0.16; 95%CI: 0.08-0.34) were independently associated with "symptoms", but not with other ill-defined conditions. Baseline socio-demographic characteristics and chronic diseases were not predictors of these outcomes. International and national agencies have focused on the reduction of deaths assigned to "symptoms" to improve the registration of vital statistics, while other ill-defined conditions have received little attention. Our data provide evidence supporting the need to redress this situation.

Time trends and predictors of mortality from ill-defined causes in old age: 9 year folllow-up of the Bambuí cohort study (Brazil) / Tendências e fatores associados aos óbitos por causas mal definidas em idosos: nove anos de seguimento da coorte de Bambuí (Brasil)

The study objective was to examine differentials in time trends and predictors of deaths assigned to symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions in comparison with other ill-defined conditions (ill-defined cardiovascular diseases, cancer and injury) in a population-based cohort study. Of 1,606 baseline participants aged 60 years and over, 524 died during 9-year follow-up and were included in this study. Deaths coded to "symptoms" declined by 77 percent in the period from 1997-1999 to 2003-2005. Deaths coded to other ill-defined conditions remained unchanged. The calendar period 2003-2005 (RR = 0.25; 95 percentCI: 0.09-0.70) and in-hospital deaths (RR = 0.16; 95 percentCI: 0.08-0.34) were independently associated with "symptoms", but not with other ill-defined conditions. Baseline socio-demographic characteristics and chronic diseases were not predictors of these outcomes. International and national agencies have focused on the reduction of deaths assigned to "symptoms" to improve the registration of vital statistics, while other ill-defined conditions have received little attention. Our data provide evidence supporting the need to redress this situation.

As tendências e os determinantes dos óbitos codificados como sinais, sintomas e afecções mal definidas ("sintomas") foram comparados a outras causas mal definidas (algumas doenças cardiovasculares, neoplasias e causas externas). De 1.606 participantes da coorte de base populacional de idosos de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 524 faleceram em nove anos de seguimento e foram incluídos no estudo. As mortes por "sintomas" diminuíram 77 por cento entre 1997-1999 e 2003-2005. Os óbitos por outras causas mal definidas permaneceram inalterados. O período de 2003-2005 (RR = 0,25; IC95 por cento: 0,09-0,70) e os óbitos hospitalares (RR = 0,16; IC95 por cento: 0,08-0,34) associaram-se independentemente com "sintomas", e não com as outras causas mal definidas. Características sócio-demográficas e doenças crônicas na linha de base não apresentaram associações com esses eventos. Estratégias para a redução dos óbitos por "sintomas" têm sido priorizadas por agências internacionais e nacionais, enquanto os óbitos por outras causas mal definidas têm recebido pouca atenção. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de estratégias para mudar essa situação.

Tendência na utilização de serviços odontológicos entre idosos brasileiros e fatores associados: um estudo baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (1998 e 2003) / Trends in the use of dental services by elderly Brazilians and related socio-demographic factors based on the National Household Survey (1998 and 2003)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao uso de serviços odontológicos entre idosos brasileiros em 1998 e 2003. O modelo de Andersen & Newman foi utilizado como base conceitual da pesquisa. Participaram do estudo 28.943 e 35.040 idosos participantes da PNAD 1998 e 2003, respectivamente. As características daqueles que haviam visitado o dentista há < 1 ano foram comparadas às daqueles que visitaram o dentista há mais tempo (<1 ano) e às daqueles que jamais foram ao dentista, utilizando-se regressão logística multimonial. No período considerado, a prevalência de visitas ao dentista há < 1 ano aumentou de 13,2 para 17,4 por cento. Características de predisposição (sexo, idade e escolaridade), de necessidade (percepção da saúde geral) e de facilitação (renda domiciliar per capita, filiação a plano de saúde, situação rural/urbana do domicílio e macrorregião de residência) apresentaram associações independentes e significantes com o uso de serviços odontológicos. Observam-se importantes desigualdades sociais associadas ao uso de serviços odontológicos por idosos, apontando para a necessidade premente de políticas que visem a redução dessas desigualdades.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors in the use of dental services by elderly Brazilians in 1998 and 2003. The Andersen & Newman model was used as the conceptual basis for the research. 28,943 and 35,040 elderly participants from the 1998 and 2003 National Household Surveys were included in the study. Elders who had visited the dentist during the previous year were compared to those who had never been to the dentist, using multinomial logistic regression. Prevalence of dental visits in the previous year increased from 13.2 to 17.4 percent. Predisposing factors (gender, age, and schooling), need factors (general health perception), and enabling factors (per capita household income, health insurance coverage, rural/urban residence, and geographic macro-region) were independently and significantly associated with use of dental services. Important social disparities were also observed, highlighting the need for policies to reduce such inequalities.

[Trends in the use of dental services by elderly Brazilians and related socio-demographic factors based on the National Household Survey (1998 and 2003)]. / Tendência na utilização de serviços odontológicos entre idosos brasileiros e fatores associados: um estudo baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (1998 e 2003).

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors in the use of dental services by elderly Brazilians in 1998 and 2003. The Andersen & Newman model was used as the conceptual basis for the research. 28,943 and 35,040 elderly participants from the 1998 and 2003 National Household Surveys were included in the study. Elders who had visited the dentist during the previous year were compared to those who had never been to the dentist, using multinomial logistic regression. Prevalence of dental visits in the previous year increased from 13.2 to 17.4%. Predisposing factors (gender, age, and schooling), need factors (general health perception), and enabling factors (per capita household income, health insurance coverage, rural/urban residence, and geographic macro-region) were independently and significantly associated with use of dental services. Important social disparities were also observed, highlighting the need for policies to reduce such inequalities.

Prevalência e fatores associados à realização da mamografia na faixa etária de 50-69 anos: um estudo baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (2003) / Prevalence and factors associated with mammograms in the 50-69-year age group: a study based on the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD-2003)

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2003 (PNAD 2003), com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à realização da mamografia entre mulheres brasileiras com 50-59 e 60-69 anos de idade. Participaram do estudo 16.570 e 10.722 mulheres nas respectivas faixas etárias. Quarenta e três por cento das participantes com 50-69 anos haviam realizado uma mamografia nos últimos dois anos. Essa prevalência foi mais baixa na faixa etária superior (37 por cento) em comparação à inferior (46 por cento). Em ambas as faixas etárias, a realização da mamografia apresentou associações positivas e independentes com a localização urbana do domicílio, a macrorregião de residência, a escolaridade, a renda domiciliar, o exame de Papanicolau, o número de consultas médicas e a cobertura por plano de saúde. Esses resultados mostram que a cobertura da mamografia ainda é baixa entre mulheres brasileiras, sobretudo entre as mais velhas, e que existem profundas desigualdades associadas à sua realização. Recomenda-se a condução de investigações mais profundas que permitam um melhor entendimento dessas desigualdades, visando a sua superação.

This study was developed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with mammograms among Brazilian women, based on data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in 2003. 16,570 and 10,722 women aged 50-59 and 60-69 years participated in the study. 43 percent of participants aged 50-69 years had received a mammogram in the previous two years. The rate was lower among older women (37 percent) as compared to the younger group (46 percent). In both age groups, having received a mammogram in the previous two years was positively and independently associated with urban residence, region of residence, years of schooling, family income, Papanicolaou exam, number of physician visits, and health plan coverage. The results showed that the prevalence of mammograms in the previous two years is low among older Brazilian women, mainly in the 60-69-year group. The study identified striking inequalities in mammogram coverage. Further research is needed to better understand the reasons for such inequalities and thus help overcome them.

[Prevalence and factors associated with mammograms in the 50-69-year age group: a study based on the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD-2003)]. / Prevalência e fatores associados à realização da mamografia na faixa etária de 50-69 anos: um estudo baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (2003).

This study was developed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with mammograms among Brazilian women, based on data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in 2003. 16,570 and 10,722 women aged 50-59 and 60-69 years participated in the study. 43% of participants aged 50-69 years had received a mammogram in the previous two years. The rate was lower among older women (37%) as compared to the younger group (46%). In both age groups, having received a mammogram in the previous two years was positively and independently associated with urban residence, region of residence, years of schooling, family income, Papanicolaou exam, number of physician visits, and health plan coverage. The results showed that the prevalence of mammograms in the previous two years is low among older Brazilian women, mainly in the 60-69-year group. The study identified striking inequalities in mammogram coverage. Further research is needed to better understand the reasons for such inequalities and thus help overcome them.

Evolução das desigualdades sociais em saúde entre idosos e adultos brasileiros: um estudo baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD 1998, 2003) / Health inequality trends among Brazilian adults and old-aged: a study based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD 1998, 2003)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se as desigualdades sociais em saúde de adultos (20-64 anos) e idosos (> 65 anos) brasileiros se alteraram entre 1998 e 2003. O estudo foi realizado em uma amostra de 203.455 e 239.700 participantes da PNAD 1998 e 2003, respectivamente. As condições de saúde e função física, uso de serviços de saúde e filiação a plano de saúde daqueles pertencentes ao quintil inferior da distribuição da renda domiciliar per capita foram comparadas às daqueles com renda mais alta, utilizando-se métodos multivariados de análise. Os resultados mostraram que nos dois anos considerados, os indivíduos no estrato mais baixo de renda apresentavam piores condições de saúde, pior função física e menor uso de serviços de saúde, tanto na faixa etária de 20-64 quanto na de > 65 anos de idade. As forças das associações entre renda domiciliar per capita, condições de saúde e uso de serviços de saúde não se modificaram entre 1998 e 2003, indicando que não houve alterações nas desigualdades sociais em saúde no período estudado. A persistência dessas desigualdades aponta para a ineficiência de políticas, nos últimos cinco anos, que as reduzissem.

The aim of this study was to verify whether health inequalities among Brazilian adults (20-64 years) and old-aged (> 65 years) have changed from 1998 to 2003. The study was conducted in samples of 203.455 and 239.700 participants of the National Household Sample Survey in 1998 and 2003 respectively. The health characteristics of those in the lower quintile of the per capita family income were compared to those with higher income by means of multivariate analysis methods. The characteristics considered in this study were health conditions and physical functioning, use of medical and dental services and health plan affiliation. The results from both years showed poorer health conditions, poorer physical functioning and less use of medical and dental services among those with lower per capita family income in both age groups, 20-64 and > 65 years. The associations between per capita family income, health status and use of health services were similar in 1998 and 2003, indicating that health inequalities have not changed in the period under study. The persistence of these inequalities shows the inefficiency of public policies in the last five years to reduce such inequalities.

Auto-avaliação da saúde bucal entre adultos e idosos residentes na Região Sudeste: resultados do Projeto SB-Brasil, 2003 / Self-rated oral health among Brazilian adults and older adults in Southeast Brazil: results from the SB-Brasil Project, 2003

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar quais fatores de predisposição e facilitação, da condição de saúde bucal, de necessidade de tratamento e de comportamento estão associados à auto-avaliação da saúde bucal entre adultos (35-44 anos) e idosos (65-74 anos) residentes na Região Sudeste do Brasil. Fizeram parte deste trabalho 3.240 pessoas participantes do Projeto SB-Brasil/Região Sudeste. As características daqueles que avaliaram a sua saúde bucal como ótima ou boa foram comparadas às daqueles que avaliaram como regular, ruim ou péssima. No modelo final, as características independentemente associadas à melhor auto-avaliação da saúde bucal entre os adultos foram renda domiciliar per capita > R$ 181,00, não necessidade atual de tratamento odontológico, município de residência com mais de 50 mil habitantes e visita ao dentista há > 3 anos. Entre os idosos foram: renda domiciliar per capita > R$ 181,00, não necessidade atual de tratamento odontológico e possuir entre 1 a 19 dentes. Nossos resultados confirmam estudos de outros países, mostrando a existência de associações entre auto-avaliação e fatores de predisposição e facilitação, condição de saúde bucal, necessidade de tratamento e comportamento.

[Self-rated oral health among Brazilian adults and older adults in Southeast Brazil: results from the SB-Brasil Project, 2003]. / Auto-avaliação da saúde bucal entre adultos e idosos residentes na Região Sudeste: resultados do Projeto SB-Brasil, 2003.

The aim of this study was to determine which characteristics (predisposing and enabling, oral health, perceived need for dental treatment, and behavior) are independently associated with self-rated oral health among adults and older adults in Southeast Brazil. The study was based on 3,240 participants in the SB-Brasil Project/ Southeast. The characteristics of those who rated their oral health as good/very good were compared to those who rated it as fair, poor, or very poor. The following characteristics were significantly and independently associated with better self-rated oral health among adults: monthly household income > US 60.00 dollars, no current perceived need for dental treatment, place of residence in cities with > 50,000 inhabitants, and visit to the dentist > 3 years previously. Among older adults the factors were: monthly household income > US 60.00 dollars, no current perceived need for dental treatment, and 1-19 permanent teeth. Our results confirm those observed in other countries, showing associations between self-rated oral health and predisposing and enabling factors, oral health, perceived need for dental treatment, and behavior.